Nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi mtundu wapadera wa nyumba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zotengera zosungidwa kuti zithandizire.Izi zimachepetsa mtundu wa mapangidwe omwe angapangidwe.Koma nyumba zambiri zotumizira zotengera zakhala zida zapamwamba zokhala ndi zinthu zingapo monga masitepe apadenga ndi maiwe osambira.Ngakhale nyumbazi ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, zimapereka maubwino angapo.
Ubale wa Neutra ku psychology yamakono
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za ntchito ya Neutra ndi ubale wake ndi maganizo amakono.Neutra anali bwenzi lapamtima la mwana wamkulu wa Sigmund Freud, amene maganizo pa chikomokere anali chikoka kwambiri pa iye.Freud ankawona kuti psyche ndi yokhazikika, yolumikizana ndipo amakhulupirira kuti chikomokere chimatulutsa mphamvu zamatsenga kudziko lakunja kupyolera mukuwonetsera.Kuzindikira kumeneku momwe malingaliro amagwirira ntchito kunakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchita kwa Neutra pambuyo pake.
Womanga nyumbayo amakhulupirira kuti nyumba zidakhudza psyche ya okhalamo, ndipo malo ake ambiri okhala ku West Coast adakhudzidwa ndi chiphunzitsocho.Nthanthi imeneyi inatanthauza kuti mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumba kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana, kupangitsa okhalamo kukhala odekha ndi achimwemwe.
Mu Life and Human Habitat, Neutra adalongosola mfundo za biorealism ndikupititsa patsogolo lingalirolo kudzera m'mapangidwe a nyumba.Nyumbayo ndi malo oyandikana kwambiri ndipo womangayo adafuna kupanga nyumba zomwe zingapange thupi ndi malingaliro.Popeza malo omangidwa amakhala ndi mikangano yambiri yowoneka ndi kugundana, kunali kofunika kupanga nyumba yokhala ndi mapangidwe omwe angapange machitidwewa.
Ngakhale kuti anali munthu wotchuka kwambiri muzomangamanga, ubale wa Neutra ndi maganizo amakono nthawi zambiri unkadetsedwa.Zinalinso zofunikira kuzindikira kuti anali ndi ubale wovuta kwambiri ndi mkazi wake.N’zokayikitsa kuti mkazi wakeyo akanakhala bwenzi lake, chifukwa anali wokwatiwa naye.
Kukonda kwa Neutra ku maziko a sayansi kwapangitsa ena kukayikira ngati ntchito yake ingachokere ku chikhalidwe cha phenomenological.Ngakhale kuti ndi wovomerezeka wa Modernist, chiphunzitso chake chimayika kukongola kwa zomangamanga kukhala zofunikira zachiwiri.Chotsatira chake, ubale wake ndi psychology yamakono ndizovuta kugwirizanitsa ndi zomangamanga.
Mtengo wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu
Mukamamanga chidebe m'nyumba, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti mtengo ukhoza kusiyana kwambiri.Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zingawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa mtengo, koma chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti mukuyembekezera zenizeni.Ntchito yomangayi ingachitike pa bajeti ndipo imatha kutha pakatha milungu ingapo, osati miyezi.
Mukhoza kuyamba ndi kulingalira kuti mtundu wina wa chidebe cha nyumba udzagula ndalama zingati pa phazi lalikulu.Izi zidzakuthandizani kudziwa kuchuluka kwa malo omwe mukufunikira panyumba yanu yatsopano.Mudzatha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zipinda zogona ndi masanjidwe omwe mukufuna.Mukakhala ndi lingaliro la ndalama zomwe nyumba yanu yatsopano idzawonongera pa phazi lalikulu, mutha kuyamba kuyang'ana zotengera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zomwe mwakhazikitsa.
Nyumba yotumizira katundu ndi njira yabwino ngati mukufuna kumanga nyumba yamakono yokhala ndi ndalama zochepa.Mutha kugula chitsanzo chosavuta cha madola zikwi khumi mpaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu, ndipo mwambo womwe umakhala ndi zofunikira zonse zapakhomo ukhoza kufika $70k.
Mtengo wa nyumba ya chidebe umatengera kukula kwake, kapangidwe kake, komanso momwe amamalizirira.Nyumba zambiri zotengera ndi 20 kapena 40 mapazi kutalika, koma mukhoza kupeza 40-mapazi chidebe pa ndalama zochepa ngati $4,000.Zotengera zina zitha kusinthidwa mwamakonda kuti muwonjezere phazi lamutu kuti mupeze malo owonjezera.
Mukazindikira zomwe nyumba yanu ili nayo, muyenera kulumikizana ndi womanga nyumba zotumizira ndikuyamba kukambirana za mtengo.Kutengera kapangidwe, kukula ndi kapangidwe ka unit yanu, mutha kuyembekezera kuwononga pakati pa madola zikwi khumi ndi makumi asanu pagawo la bachelor lokhala ndi zofunikira.Mukhozanso kusankha zosankha zosiyanasiyana zakunja zakunja.Mukhozanso kusankha kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo zomaliza mkati, monga pansi ndi mazenera.
Chitetezo cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu
Ngati mukuganiza za chitetezo cha nyumba yosungiramo ziwiya, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti zotengera zotumizira ndizolimba kwambiri.Amapangidwa kuti azitha kupirira mphepo yamkuntho mpaka 180 ola, ndipo zambiri zimamangidwanso kuti zipirire mphepo yamkuntho.Ubwino wina wa nyumba zotengera nyumba ndikuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosagwira dzimbiri.Zotengera zachitsulo zimakhala ndi dzimbiri panyengo yanyengo, koma zotengera zokhala ndi sing'anga zowonjezera zimakhala zolimba.
Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu chokhudza nyumba zonyamula katundu ndizowopsa kwa moto.Ngakhale zotengera zotumizira zimakhazikika ku maziko a konkriti, zotengerazo zimakhala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kuwononga nyumbayo.Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matabwa omwe ali mkati mwa zotengerazo, komanso kuwateteza kuti asalowe m'madzi amchere.Kuonjezera apo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula, ndipo ngati atatayidwa kapena kutsekemera, akhoza kuvulaza.
Nyumba zamakontena nazonso ndizosangalatsa zachilengedwe.Zina zimamangidwa kuchokera ku makontena otumizidwanso, pomwe zina zimamangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano.Nyumba zamakontena zitha kumangidwa pamitundu yambiri ya maziko, kuphatikiza mizere yothira konkriti ndi ma slabs a konkriti.Pambuyo poyala pansi, zotengera zotumizira zimakhazikika pamaziko.
Ngakhale zotengera zotumizira sizingateteze masoka, zimatha kukhala ndi denga labodza komanso zotsekera kuti zikhale zomasuka.Ndi kutchinjiriza koyenera, zotengera zotumizira zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pogona kwakanthawi.Komanso, zotengera zonyamulira zimatha kukwiriridwa pansi pansi ndikumangirira bwino.Izi zitha kuwonjezera malo owonjezera kunyumba kwanu ndikuwongolera chitetezo chanu.
Pamene mukuyang'ana njira yaying'ono komanso yokoma zachilengedwe yokhala m'tawuni, chotengera chotengera kunyumba chingakhale yankho kwa inu.Nyumbazi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku makontena otumizidwanso ndipo zitha kukhala zobiriwira komanso zotsika mtengo.Kusinthasintha kwa mayendedwe a chidebe ndi mwayi wina waukulu.
Kubwezeretsanso zotengera zosagwiritsidwa ntchito
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zotengera zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito zikupereka mwayi kwa omanga mapulani ndi omanga mwayi watsopano woti agwiritsenso ntchito zotengerazo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pogona.Ngakhale kusandutsa zotengera zotengera ku nyumba sikwachilendo, njira yaposachedwa yomanga nyumba zamakontena zamakono zikupangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso zokonda zachilengedwe.
Zotengera zotumizidwanso zomwe zidakonzedwanso ndizokhazikika, zokhazikika, komanso zotsika mtengo.Zimagonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri, moto, ndi tizilombo towononga, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okonda zachilengedwe kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nyumba ndi bizinesi.Nyumbazi zimangofunika kuzikonza, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi komanso kuyendera dzimbiri.
Chifukwa zotengera zotumizira ndi zotsika mtengo, zotengera zomwe zagwiritsidwanso ntchito zitha kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri kuposa zomangira wamba.Nyumbazi zimatha kunyamulidwa mosavuta popanda kufunikira kwa maziko okulirapo komanso ndizosavuta kusamuka ngati kuli kofunikira.Ndi kuyesetsa pang'ono komanso kuthandizidwa ndi ntchito zotumizira zam'deralo, nyumba zonyamula katundu zimatha kusamutsidwa kuchokera kumalo amodzi kupita kwina popanda zovuta zambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba zotumizira zimatha kuyendetsedwa ndi mapanelo adzuwa kapena botolo la gasi lonyamula.Mwanjira imeneyo, okhalamo angakhale moyo popanda kudera nkhaŵa za magetsi ndi mitengo ya madzi.
Phindu lina lalikulu la zotengera zotumizira ndikutha kusinthidwanso.Kafukufuku wina wopangidwa ndi Cambridge University Press adanenanso kuti makontena 3 biliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse.Avereji ya moyo wa zotengerazi ndi zaka 12.Zotengerazi sizongotengera zachilengedwe zokha, komanso ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zida zomangira zakale monga njerwa, simenti, ndi matabwa.
Kukhazikika kwa nyumba zotengerako
Kutchuka kwa nyumba zonyamula katundu zakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.Komabe, anthu ambiri amakayikira kukhazikika kwa nyumbazi.M'malo mwake, nyumbazi sizokhazikika kwenikweni, koma zili ndi zabwino zambiri, kuphatikiza kukhala zotsika mtengo komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe.Zotengerazo zidapangidwa mu 1956, ndipo poyambirira zidali zonyamula katundu kudutsa nyanja.Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 1960, Philip Clark adapereka chilolezo chosinthira zotengera zonyamula katundu kukhala nyumba zokhalamo.
Chotengera chotumizira kunyumba chimafuna mphamvu pafupifupi 400 kWh kuti chimange.Izi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyumba yatsopano.Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsanso ntchito makontena otumizira kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zatsopano zofunika pantchito yomanga.Imadulanso zinyalala.Poyerekeza ndi nyumba yachikale, nyumba yachidebe imatenga mphamvu zochepera makumi asanu ndi awiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'nyumba ya chidebe kumatha kuchepetsedwa potsekereza makoma ndi pansi.Zimenezi zingachepetse mphamvu zimene zimafunika kutenthetsa kapena kuziziritsa m’nyumba.Kuonjezera apo, nyumba ikakhala yaying'ono, mphamvu zimachepa kuti itenthetse ndi kuziziritsa.Komanso, nyumba yachidebe yaying'ono imafuna madzi ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa momwe zimakhalira.
Kuwonjezera pa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomangira zatsopano, nyumba zosungiramo katundu zotumizira zimathandizanso kusunga zitsulo kuti zikhale ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo.Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe.Izi ndizopindulitsa makamaka poyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, yomwe ili kale nkhani yaikulu.Nyumba zonyamula katundu zonyamula katundu zingathandizenso kuchepetsa kulemedwa kwa chilengedwe mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomanga.Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba zonyamula katundu zimafunikira mphamvu zochepa kuposa nyumba wamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala okonda zachilengedwe.
Zomangamanga zonyamula katundu ndi njira yokhazikika, ndipo ndi njira yabwino yothetsera kusowa kwa nyumba.Nyumba yotumizira katundu imatha kumangidwa mwachangu komanso motsika mtengo.Zotengera zonyamulira zokha zimabwera mosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kukuya kwa mita khumi mpaka kuzama mamita atatu.